拖沓症

January 4, 2008 12:10 am | In Study | 7 Comments | hide

拖沓症(Procrastination),现代人特别是学生中常见,表现为把该做的事情拖到明天、后天甚至截止期前一天再做。猜测的拖沓症原因有诸如:喜欢压力、害怕失败、完美主义、缺乏自我控制、寻求刺激或者其它一些心理疾病。克服拖沓的常见建议有:设定具体目标、先做你不想做的事。相关领域著名学者 Joseph R. Ferrari 说:“Telling someone who procrastinates to buy a weekly planner is like telling someone with chronic depression to just cheer up.”拖沓症并无良方,很难一下子克服。

有关拖沓症的生理基础:如果拖沓症是由基因控制的,而且拖沓症对生存有害,那么这种拖沓基因早就被自然选择淘汰掉了。所以,要么拖沓症对人类生存是有益的,要么拖沓症完全是后天培养出来的(当然也有可能两者皆是)。关于从进化论角度看拖沓症的优越性有很多研究,确实有很多合理的解释,而且有人拿鸟做过实验证实,比如 Uncertainty and Hyperbolic Discounting 一文就有总结。有关拖沓症的解药,有人在猴子实验里发现一些线索,不过这个结果曾被别人无限放大,认为患有拖沓症的人将来也可以通过注射激素来治疗。当然这些问题的争议很大,我也不懂,这里随便做点摘要而已。

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神经机械论

January 3, 2008 12:02 am | In Study | 2 Comments | hide

很久很久以前,我想过一个问题,人是如何调节晶状体看清楚物体的,我在笔记本上画了这么一个图:

eye_feedback.png

并写道:“晶状体根据视网膜反馈调节到位”。看来我从小就是一个朴素的机械论者,可惜这个反馈过程并不正确。视网膜上成像清晰与否,必须要在大脑视觉中心去处理,视网膜是不可能直接反馈信息给晶状体的调节机构的。不过,反馈机制本身并没有错,对比一般的机械反馈控制回路:

feedback_control.png

这样的反馈控制回路在人体神经控制中无处不在,比如弹奏乐器就是一个神经反馈控制回路:

music_control.png

看起来反馈机制在神经控制中起着至关重要的作用。但是反馈真的如此重要吗?先来看看神经信号能走多快。科学研究表明,神经信号的传递速度基本和神经粗细成正比,最粗的神经也不过能达到 100 米/秒的速度。一个很流行的神经信号速度的说法是:

据科学家测算,神经脉冲的速度每小时只有 250 公里,而电视、无线电广播和电话所传递信息的速度则要快得多了。如果人的脚趾产生了问题,由神经脉冲传递消息,由于这段时间对人来说仍然显得很短暂,所以一般人没有丝毫的感觉。但是,假设你是一个巨人,头在阿拉斯加,脚在南非的海边,星期一的早晨鲨鱼咬了你的脚趾,你的大脑将在星期三的晚上才能知道这件事;如果你决定要把脚收回来,那么一直要等到星期六,脚才会真正行动起来,到那时,你的脚恐怕早已被鲨鱼啃得只剩下骨头了。

通常机械控制的反馈电信号以光速传播,比神经信号快几百万倍。神经信号如此之慢,导致反馈机制在很多情况下根本跟不上节奏。比如歌唱家有时候会使用颤音,其调制频率大概是 8 Hz 左右,而人耳音频反馈加反应时间基本要到 200 毫秒左右,也就是说,歌唱家的大脑其实必须早两个调制周期就给声带预送调制命令。再比如说,鼓手有时候手脚并用同时击鼓,如果大脑同时下令打鼓,由于神经传递路程不同,两个本应同时发出的鼓声就会间隔几十毫秒,造成节奏紊乱。所以鼓手大脑事实上必须先发出脚击鼓的命令,虽然熟练的鼓手根本不会意识到这个发送手脚命令的时间差。可以看到,至少在音乐控制中,依靠反馈的神经控制是跟不上速度的。

事实正是如此,不少情况下,神经控制并无直接反馈,按照控制论的说法,闭环控制(closed-loop control)成了开环控制(open-loop control),而大脑可以直接发出控制命令以达到预期目的(anticipatory control)。那么大脑是如何学会开环控制的呢?这就是人学习的过程,所谓熟能生巧,说的就是人通过反馈机制和闭环控制逐渐调节开环控制机构(adaptive control 的过程),直到最后完全抛弃反馈机制建立开环控制。这个开环控制的建立,需要无数神经元细胞的协调合作,难怪学精一样乐器需要好多年的时间了。

由此可见,反馈机制在学习过程中仍旧非常重要。人和其他的一些高等动物为什么能有如此精巧的反馈机制呢?有不少人给了进化论的解释,发明中听不中用的 Shepard Tone 的大牛 Roger Shepard 在 Music, Cognition, and Computerized Sound 一书中提到:

There is a long chain of processes between the physical events going on in the world and the perceptual registration of those events by a human observer. The processes include … … Presumably, the end result is the formation of a representation in the brain of what is going on in the external world. The brain has been shaped by natural selection; only those organisms that were able to interpret correctly what goes on in the external world and to behave accordingly have survived to reproduce.

这类进化论解释看起来自圆其说,却很难证明或证伪,有人(比如我)就常常把它们和人择原理划归为伪科学一类,或者好听点,叫信仰。人择原理,简单的说就是因为人存在,所以宇宙是这个样子的。乍一看,这整个儿一唯心主义嘛。不过我懒得展开写了,博客李淼上有些关于人择原理的,比如这里

一个 forward link: 表演运动的魅力

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科学是一种信仰吗?

December 4, 2007 11:12 am | In Study | No Comments | hide

推荐 Paul Davies 的文章:Taking Science on Faith

科学和信仰

另引用一下我 1997 年一片土鳖文章的土鳖观点:

……人们还认为“逻辑上唯一可行的理论即是自然的终极理论” 。这难道不是反映了人的高傲本性么?“逻辑上唯一”?是否有唯一?逻辑已经是完备的了?逻辑是万能的吗?人总是有这样一种高姿态,想从纯粹的思维上去把握实在,这的确是一种美的追求(简单性、和谐性),Einstein 也这样说过。但是这是一个长期的发展过程,逻辑与自然理论都尚需作进一步发展,至少在现在,纯粹的思维是难以把握实在的。

另引用霍金《时间简史》 第一章末的观点:

Now, if you believe that the universe is not arbitrary, but is governed by definite laws, you ultimately have to combine the partial theories into a complete unified theory that will describe everything in the universe. But there is a fundamental paradox in the search for such a complete unified theory. The ideas about scientific theories outlined above assume we are rational beings who are free to observe the universe as we want and to draw logical deductions from what we see. In such a scheme it is reasonable to suppose that we might progress ever closer toward the laws that govern our universe. Yet if there really is a complete unified theory, it would also presumably determine our actions. And so the theory itself would determine the outcome of our search for it! And why should it determine that we come to the right conclusions from the evidence? Might it not equally well determine that we draw the wrong conclusion? Or no conclusion at all?

The only answer that I can give to this problem is based on Darwin’s principle of natural selection. The idea is that in any population of self-reproducing organisms, there will be variations in the genetic material and upbringing that different individuals have. These differences will mean that some individuals are better able than others to draw the right conclusions about the world around them and to act accordingly. These individuals will be more likely to survive and reproduce and so their pattern of behavior and thought will come to dominate. It has certainly been true in the past that what we call intelligence and scientific discovery have conveyed a survival advantage. It is not so clear that this is still the case: our scientific discoveries may well destroy us all, and even if they don’t, a complete unified theory may not make much difference to our chances of survival. However, provided the universe has evolved in a regular way, we might expect that the reasoning abilities that natural selection has given us would be valid also in our search for a complete unified theory, and so would not lead us to the wrong conclusions.

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