科学是一种信仰吗?

December 4, 2007 11:12 am UTC | In Study | No Comments | hide

推荐 Paul Davies 的文章:Taking Science on Faith

科学和信仰

另引用一下我 1997 年一片土鳖文章的土鳖观点:

……人们还认为“逻辑上唯一可行的理论即是自然的终极理论” 。这难道不是反映了人的高傲本性么?“逻辑上唯一”?是否有唯一?逻辑已经是完备的了?逻辑是万能的吗?人总是有这样一种高姿态,想从纯粹的思维上去把握实在,这的确是一种美的追求(简单性、和谐性),Einstein 也这样说过。但是这是一个长期的发展过程,逻辑与自然理论都尚需作进一步发展,至少在现在,纯粹的思维是难以把握实在的。

另引用霍金《时间简史》 第一章末的观点:

Now, if you believe that the universe is not arbitrary, but is governed by definite laws, you ultimately have to combine the partial theories into a complete unified theory that will describe everything in the universe. But there is a fundamental paradox in the search for such a complete unified theory. The ideas about scientific theories outlined above assume we are rational beings who are free to observe the universe as we want and to draw logical deductions from what we see. In such a scheme it is reasonable to suppose that we might progress ever closer toward the laws that govern our universe. Yet if there really is a complete unified theory, it would also presumably determine our actions. And so the theory itself would determine the outcome of our search for it! And why should it determine that we come to the right conclusions from the evidence? Might it not equally well determine that we draw the wrong conclusion? Or no conclusion at all?

The only answer that I can give to this problem is based on Darwin’s principle of natural selection. The idea is that in any population of self-reproducing organisms, there will be variations in the genetic material and upbringing that different individuals have. These differences will mean that some individuals are better able than others to draw the right conclusions about the world around them and to act accordingly. These individuals will be more likely to survive and reproduce and so their pattern of behavior and thought will come to dominate. It has certainly been true in the past that what we call intelligence and scientific discovery have conveyed a survival advantage. It is not so clear that this is still the case: our scientific discoveries may well destroy us all, and even if they don’t, a complete unified theory may not make much difference to our chances of survival. However, provided the universe has evolved in a regular way, we might expect that the reasoning abilities that natural selection has given us would be valid also in our search for a complete unified theory, and so would not lead us to the wrong conclusions.

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时间是什么?

September 19, 2007 1:58 am UTC | In Study | No Comments | hide

时间是什么?物理学家是不会研究这么无聊的哲学问题的。先看看费曼大师在《QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter》书中对精细结构常数的看法:

It’s one of the greatest damn mysteries of physics: a magic number that comes to us with no understanding by man. You might say the “hand of God” wrote that number, and “we don’t know how He pushed His pencil.” We know what kind of a dance to do experimentally to measure this number very accurately, but we don’t know what kind of a dance to do on a computer to make this number come out — without putting it in secretly!

再来看看 Fang 的《中华第一系物理讲义页边集》第二卷之林宗涵热力学统计物理讲义:

58 年林宗涵到一个很土的化工工厂劳动,问那里的一个人如何理解熵,那人答,查一查表不就得了?

说明什么道理呢?说明很多东西,知其然不知其所以然就可以了,没必要深究到底是什么。时间这个东西,也是一样的,物理学家关心的问题,只是怎么精确的测量时间,怎么有一个时间单位的共识;至于时间到底是啥子东西,那就让吃饱了饭没事干的哲学家们去意淫好了……

那么首先,时间如何测量呢?最直接的方法就是要有一个稳定周期的东西,这样只要数周期数目就可以了。以前的单摆就是数那个摆来回的次数,现代的石英钟呢,本质就是数那个石英振荡的次数。可是这些玩意儿每个人作出来都不一样,难以有世界范围的共识,那么怎么达成共识呢?人们想到了天体运动,这个玩意儿是不以人的意志而转移的。第一个真正意义上世界公认的时间单位标准就是 1960 年规定的地球绕太阳跑一圈儿的周期(一太阳年)为三千一百五十多万秒。(这个年到秒的换算关系我的记忆方法是,一纳世纪约等于圆周率秒:1 nano-century = π seconds 。这个记忆方法普遍认为是贝尔实验室的 Tom Duff 最先提出来的。)

其实,早在几百年前,人们就已经发现天体运动周期并不是很稳定。在太阳年规定之前,世界范围基本公认但没有达成真正共识的秒定义是用太阳日(地球自转周期)规定的。地球是个很无厘头的东西,一会儿跑得快,一会儿跑得慢,所以后来 1960 年开会,大家还是用稍微更稳定一些的太阳年来规定时间单位标准。当然,当时大家都知道地球公转是越来越慢了,所以那时候规定的太阳年,是用 1900 年那一年的太阳年。初初看来,这是一个无比弱智的定义,过都过去了,谁还能测量几十年前的太阳年。事实上,几百年前的天文测量已经相当精确,所以一百多年前人们就已经能预测出二十世纪太阳年长度的变化规律了。因此,要实践这个太阳年的标准,只要测量当年的太阳年并换算回 1900 年的就可以了。

无论如何,这种太阳年标准的规定还是很土鳖,抗议声也此起彼伏,于是原子物理学家就开始浑水摸鱼了。当时,原子物理的发展让人们有足够的能力驾驭原子。人们发现铯原子两个稳定基态之间的振荡频率是很稳定的、不受人的意志而转移的、可以很精确的测量的、而且更重要的是不会像地球一样无厘头会越振越慢的……于是 1967 年的时候开了一次大会,把这个振荡频率规定为了 9192631770 Hz。这个规定一直沿用至今,而且越来越多的研究表明,当初这个规定的选择极具前瞻性,现在的时间测量精度已经比当初进步了四五个数量级,而铯原子就是这么给面子,这么高的测量精度下仍旧看不出它那个振荡频率有什么不稳定……

>> 序言 续一 续二 续三

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运动是相对的

September 8, 2007 11:13 pm UTC | In Study | No Comments | hide

用原子干涉仪(Atom Interferometer)测量引力常数的方法其实上个世纪就已经提出来了,不过实验是有人在 2002 年的时候才做出来的,因为种种原因,实验结果只在那个人的博士论文上发表过,最近才在 Science 上发出来(DOI: 10.1126/science.1135459)。

实验的基本原理就是把质量源(那个实验用的是铅块)从一个位置移动到另一个位置,看原子干涉仪感受到的引力有什么变化。数据分析需要建一个模型,计算质量源在不同位置对原子德布罗意波的影响。类似的原理也可以用来测量隧道啊、金矿啊之类的,只要把用来测量的原子干涉仪从金矿这头移动到那一头就可以了。 不过不同的是,因为这里移动的是干涉仪,而不是质量源,所以整个模型都需要重建了。

前几天和人说起这个,其实完全可以把干涉仪当作静止的,认为地球整个儿动了,老的模型改一改质量源就可以继续用了……(当然算出来的结果也是对的)

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