世界是由少数人推动的

April 20, 2008 1:13 pm GMT-0700 | In Life, Tech | 22 Comments | hide

很久很久以前,我有过一台电脑,CPU 是 80486SX 33MHz,这个 486SX 没有数学协处理器(floating-point unit、FPU、浮点运算单元,用硬件实现浮点数的快速运算),对现代电脑来说 FPU 已经是一个不可缺少的部件。我记得当年 486SX 上生成艺术字就特别特别的慢,比同速度但带 FPU 的 486DX 慢十多倍,真是土鳖啊。

当年英特尔设计 486DX 有一个缺陷,于是他们搞出一个销售策略是,如果测试出来某个 486DX 主电路是好的,但是 FPU 是坏的,那么就把 FPU 部分砸掉,然后把这个芯片当作 486SX 低价销售。这种销售方式很常见,比方我们实验室买的一种镜子,反射率越高价格也就越高,但是不同反射率镜子的生产工艺和成本完全相同,只不过由于生产过程中各类不确定因素导致镜子质量有好有坏,质量好的也就卖得贵一些。农民卖苹果也会分等级,大的苹果卖贵一些,虽然种苹果的时候他未必在大苹果上多花了力气;如果你跟他讲,苹果大小是一个正态分布,大于 +2σ 叫特等品,恐怕农民是听不明白的。

有不少人认为,世界是由少数人推动的。Kisstar 同学说,学术界真正有用的结果都是 top 10% 的牛校牛人搞出来的,大多数人都是陪练,跟着灌水而已。从时间纵向来看,确实有一小部分人为人类进步做出了很大的贡献。然而从横向角度来看,人类是作为一个整体在进步,个人贡献呈现一个正态分布,这样的分布下,必然会有一小部分人对人类进步的贡献极多。这是地球上这么多人的统计规律,所谓大样本出奇迹,世界是不是由少数人推动的,这纯粹就是一个统计学的解释问题。

就像前文所述的一种销售策略,我们是在出卖自己的智慧寻求人类进步。如果你潜质很牛,那么就不应该浪费这种能力,而应该积极的开发潜能尽力推动人类的进步。而大多数人往往觉得自己碌碌无为,并没有对人类进步做出直接的贡献,这种情况下也没有什么好气馁的,应该看到,我们为牛人出现的极小概率的分母贡献了一份,没有我们这些巨大的样本,奇迹也是不会出现的。通俗点说,你觉得是 100 个人的小村庄里面容易出一个牛顿,还是几亿个人的地球上容易出一个牛顿?

活着,就是对人类的贡献。

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遭遇民科

February 26, 2008 11:00 pm GMT-0700 | In Life, Study | 14 Comments | hide

所谓“饱暖思淫欲”,有些民间非科研人士在吃饱了穿暖了的情况下就开始强奸科学,这种我们一般叫做民间科学(家),简称“民科”。前几天正在和老板开会,老板接到一个民科电话,唧唧歪歪了十多分钟。此人受教育程度良好,先前声称自己推翻了相对论,最近又有了新的发现希望和物理学家讨论。老板曾经收到此人十多页的《新相对论》手稿,里面没有一个公式!拜托,你可不要以为相对论只有在接近光速或者强引力场里面才能派上用场,光光对准 GPS 卫星上的原子钟,就需要考虑狭义和广义相对论的两种效应,如果没有公式来计算,GPS 的误差就不是几米了,而是几公里,飞机撞到塔台上你给负责啊……

关于民科的特点,我了解的不够全面,随便转载一篇文章里提到的六个特点:1. 选择性近视;2. 新名词极多,逻辑混乱;3. 受困于常识,又喜欢发表一些超越具体问题之上的议论;4. 常常夸大结论的意义,尤其喜欢表达爱国情怀;5. 常常把结论建立在未来的可能性上;6. 往往认为自己受到学阀的歧视和打压。可是有不少讨论民科的文章连现代民科是什么都没搞清楚,比方光明日报有篇科技时评,竟然把现代民科和瓦特、爱因斯坦混为一谈。瓦特、爱因斯坦那都是用正确的思想方法在钻研科学技术,只不过他们起初没有正式的学术职位;而现代民科呢?他们连基本的科学修养都没有,纸上画几个图就敢号称发明永动机了。光明日报这篇文章还说:“在自己感兴趣领域进行自由探索是每个公民的权利,这种探索不会给社会造成任何危害。”能没有危害么?我身边就有物理学家每年要和十多个民科长期作战,还得耐心,不能毁了学术界的公众形象;行骗十多年的“点水变油”,又耗费了多少国家资源,造成了何等恶劣的影响?

相比起来,TIME 杂志多年前的一篇文章对于民科现象的总结就很到位,摘要如下:

Cranks are an occupational hazard that every scientist eventually faces. Fortunately, these characters are usually easy to spot. If someone claims to have a grand theory that overturns centuries of scientific knowledge–especially when the theory spans unrelated fields like physics and biology and economics–the odds are good that he or she is a crank. If the author publishes not in a standard scientific journal but in a book for general readers, watch out. And if the book is issued by the author rather than a conventional publisher, the case is pretty much airtight.

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科学是一种信仰吗?

December 4, 2007 11:12 am GMT-0700 | In Study | No Comments | hide

推荐 Paul Davies 的文章:Taking Science on Faith

科学和信仰

另引用一下我 1997 年一片土鳖文章的土鳖观点:

……人们还认为“逻辑上唯一可行的理论即是自然的终极理论” 。这难道不是反映了人的高傲本性么?“逻辑上唯一”?是否有唯一?逻辑已经是完备的了?逻辑是万能的吗?人总是有这样一种高姿态,想从纯粹的思维上去把握实在,这的确是一种美的追求(简单性、和谐性),Einstein 也这样说过。但是这是一个长期的发展过程,逻辑与自然理论都尚需作进一步发展,至少在现在,纯粹的思维是难以把握实在的。

另引用霍金《时间简史》 第一章末的观点:

Now, if you believe that the universe is not arbitrary, but is governed by definite laws, you ultimately have to combine the partial theories into a complete unified theory that will describe everything in the universe. But there is a fundamental paradox in the search for such a complete unified theory. The ideas about scientific theories outlined above assume we are rational beings who are free to observe the universe as we want and to draw logical deductions from what we see. In such a scheme it is reasonable to suppose that we might progress ever closer toward the laws that govern our universe. Yet if there really is a complete unified theory, it would also presumably determine our actions. And so the theory itself would determine the outcome of our search for it! And why should it determine that we come to the right conclusions from the evidence? Might it not equally well determine that we draw the wrong conclusion? Or no conclusion at all?

The only answer that I can give to this problem is based on Darwin’s principle of natural selection. The idea is that in any population of self-reproducing organisms, there will be variations in the genetic material and upbringing that different individuals have. These differences will mean that some individuals are better able than others to draw the right conclusions about the world around them and to act accordingly. These individuals will be more likely to survive and reproduce and so their pattern of behavior and thought will come to dominate. It has certainly been true in the past that what we call intelligence and scientific discovery have conveyed a survival advantage. It is not so clear that this is still the case: our scientific discoveries may well destroy us all, and even if they don’t, a complete unified theory may not make much difference to our chances of survival. However, provided the universe has evolved in a regular way, we might expect that the reasoning abilities that natural selection has given us would be valid also in our search for a complete unified theory, and so would not lead us to the wrong conclusions.

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